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A suspected bot campaign surrounding a recent Pierre Poilievre event shows that generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools are easily accessible to anyone looking to influence political messaging online, researchers have found.
In July, the social media platform X was inundated with posts following the Conservative leader’s tour of Northern Ontario.
The posts claimed to be from people who attended Poilievre’s event in Kirkland Lake, Ont., but were actually generated by accounts in Russia, France and other places, and many of them had similar messaging.
Researchers at Concordia University and the University of Ottawa recently conducted several tests to see if they could get five generative AI tools to create similar political messaging seen during the July bot campaign.
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The researchers asked the freely available AI platforms to create 50 different statements to describe rallies held by a number of Canada’s political leaders: Poilievre, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh, Bloc Québécois Leader Yves-François Blanchet and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May
All but one of the platforms generated the requested political messaging when prompted.
“It was simple, it was quick and what that tells us is there is a gap in our regulatory system right now,” said Elizabeth Dubois, a professor at the University of Ottawa and one of the leads on the project.
“Platforms do sometimes say, ‘We don’t want to be used in an electoral context. We don’t want you to use our tool for politics. It’s against our terms.’ But the reality is, most of the tools let you do it anyway.”
Conservative Party Leader Pierre Poilievre speaks during a rally in Ottawa on March 24, 2024. Academics who study social media said a suspected bot campaign associated with Poilievre’s recent speaking event in northern Ontario likely was the work of an amateur. (Spencer Colby/The Canadian Press)
Dubois said such findings are concerning because the use of AI tools to generate political messaging could compromise political campaigns and electoral fairness.
The Conservatives denied any involvement in the Kirkland Lake bot campaign. A separate report from Toronto Metropolitan University’s Social Media Lab concluded the campaign was likely the work of amateurs.
Dubois said some sort of automation was likely used in the Kirkland Lake incident, but it’s unclear what specific tool generated the messages. The report did note that some of the descriptive language ChatGPT provided in its response to the test prompts, such as “electric,” “buzzing” and “palpable,” were similar to what was seen in the July incident.
AI messages go unnoticed by detection tools
When Dubois and her colleagues ran their generated messages through X’s three AI text detection tools, all three failed to determine if the messages were AI generated. But Dubois said she wasn’t surprised by that finding.
“These kinds of tools are not particularly useful,” she said.
For X specifically, Dubois said part of the issue is that the detection tools have limited data to work with because of the platform’s 280-character limit.
“It’s not giving [the detection tools] enough data to determine is this likely from a generative AI tool or not. We just don’t have enough text in a single Tweet, or X post, to be able to tell,” she said.
The opening page of X is displayed on a computer and phone. Messages put through the platform’s three AI text detection tools failed to determine if the messages were AI generated, researchers report. (Rick Rycroft/The Associated Press)
Dubois said that having AI-generated messages automatically posted on social media sites would take some technical work.
“Trying to do this at scale requires you to have written some script to automatically post. That in of itself is not all that difficult to do, but it takes some technical knowledge,” she said.
Of the five AI platforms that were used, only Google’s Gemini refused to generate the requested messaging. Microsoft Copilot initially denied a request to generate messaging about Trudeau, but acquiesced after the prompt was altered slightly.
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Dubois said the government should look at bringing in regulations around the use of generative AI when it comes to politics. But she also said AI companies need to practise more self-governance.
“Frankly, government regulation does take a while. AI is kind of always going to be a step ahead, at least in the foreseeable future,” she said.
“These AI companies need to be putting in place not only statements that, ‘You shouldn’t be using our tools to create political messages and impact elections,’ but actually build into their systems ways that prevent that from happening.”
The NDP has asked the elections commissioner to probe the July bot campaign, but the commissioner’s office has yet to say whether it will look into the issue.
Dubois said an investigation into how bots are being used in a political context should have happened years ago.
“It is a long overdue conversation,” she said.
Source: cbc
